Flood-induced embankment failures on the River Tay: implications of climatically induced hydrological change in Scotland

نویسنده

  • D. J. GILVEAR
چکیده

Agricultural flood embankment failure frequency within the Tay drainage basin in Scotland is explored by examination of breach data (228 breaches in total) collected during an eight-year period in which a large number of high discharge flood events (with return periods of up to 120 years) occurred. The data illustrates that overtopping is the main mechanism of failure, that certain reaches and specific locations are particularly vulnerable to failure, and that a near-linear increase in number and total length of flood embankment failures occurs with percentage increase in flood peak discharge. Non-hydrological factors contributing to flood embankment instability include construction over former river channels, location on the outside of meander bends and "honeycombing" of embankments as a result of rabbit burrowing. Hydrological data suggests an increase in the frequency of high magnitude flood events since 1988 in the drainage basin and an identifiable spatial variability; catchments draining more westerly regions exhibit the greatest shift in pattern. The significance of these shifts and future possible changes in flood magnitude and frequency for flood embankment failure risk are quantified; 5% increases in flood magnitude result in increases in the number of flood embankment failures of between 13 and 26%. Similarly a 5% decrease in flood peak discharges leads to decreases of between 11 and 25%. More generally it is shown that land next to rivers with flood embankments is sensitive to modest changes in flood generating conditions. Les éboulements des digues du Fleuve Tay provoqués par les crues: implications des modifications hydrologiques d'origine climatique en Ecosse Résumé La fréquence des éboulements de digues dans le bassin du Tay, en Ecosse, a été étudiée à partir des données sur les brèches (228 brèches en tout) collectées pendant huit ans, période durant laquelle on a pu observer un grand nombre de crues de débit important. Ces données montrent que les débordements constituent la cause principales des éboulements; certains biefs et certaines localisations particuliers se montrent particulièrement sujets aux éboulements et le nombre et l'importance des éboulements de digues provoqués par les crues augmente quasi-linéairement avec le débit de pointe de crue. Des facteurs non-hydrologiques, comme la construction des digues dans d'anciens lits fluviaux ou le long de l'extérieur des méandres ou encore comme l'alvéolage du au creusement de leurs terriers par les lapins, contribuent à l'instabilité des berges en cas de crue. Les données hydrologiques montrent une augmentation sensible de la fréquence des crues très importantes dans le bassin du Tay depuis 1988, qui présente une évidente variabilité spatiale; les bassins versants drainant les régions situées le plus à l'ouest sont celles où cette augmentation est la plus sensible. Les conséquences de ces modifications, et de celles qui pourraient advenir ultérieurement, sur la fréquence et l'importance des éboulements de levées ont pu être quantifiées: une augmentation de 5% des débits de crue entraîne une augmentation des éboulements de digues de 13 â 26%, tandis qu'une diminution de 5% des débits de crues entraînerait une diminution de 11 à 25% des éboulements. Plus généralement on a pu montrer que les terrains situés prés des rivières équipées de digues sont sensibles à des modifications minimes du processus de genèse des crues. Open for discussion until I December 1999 346 D.J. Gilvear & A. R. Black

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تاریخ انتشار 1999